Cryptocurrency · 2008
Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System
31 October 2008
Proposes a peer-to-peer electronic cash system that prevents double-spending with a proof-of-work chain of timestamped blocks.
Read the text The whole poster as a web page
- Print from
- A2
- License
- MIT
- Source
- bitcoin.org
- Retrieved
- 27 September 2026
- Language
- English
- Rights holder
- © 2008 Satoshi Nakamoto
Theme
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Print from A2: the smallest A size at which the body text is at least 8 pt.
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Edition
The paper of 31 October 2008 as published on bitcoin.org. The text comes from the LaTeX transcription at github.com/karask/satoshi-paper and was checked word for word against the PDF: the figures are redrawn, the equations set with KaTeX, and “...” and “*” are set as an ellipsis and a multiplication sign.
Rights
© Bitcoin Project 2009-2026 Released under the MIT license
Footer of bitcoin.org, which publishes the paper; the repository of the site, github.com/bitcoin-dot-org/Bitcoin.org, carries the MIT license.
